(The standard classification — Salmond's three, extended by Friedmann. Learn the table.) Kind Alsocalled What it studies Representative figures Analytical (expository) jurisprudence formal the structure and concepts of law as it is: rights, duties, persons, property, liability, ownership, possession Austin, Holland, Salmond, Hart, Kelsen (Unit 2.4) Historical jurisprudence genetic law as it evolved: the life of custom, the growth of legal institutions Savigny, Maine, Puchta (Unit 2.2) Philosophical (ethical) jurisprudence normative what law ought to be: justice, rights, the moral basis of legal obligation natural-law thinkers, Bentham, Rawls, Dworkin (Units 2.1, 5) Sociological jurisprudence / functional realistic- empirical law in society: causes, effects, workings — law in action Ehrlich, Pound, Duguit, the realists (Units 2.3, 2.5, 2.6) Comparative jurisprudence — law across systems: common law vs civil law vs religious/customary orders; legal transplants constant tradition; essential in a mixed system like Nepal's Friedmann's useful division (worth a line): systematic jurisprudence (analytical — the skeleton) vs historical/philosophical/sociological jurisprudence (the organism in time, in ethics, in society). Formal vs functional is the same contrast in modern words.
Exam Focus Long questions: "Define jurisprudence in the light of the definitions of Austin, Salmond and Holland." / "Explain the kinds of jurisprudence." / "Discuss the scope of jurisprudence — narrow (analytical) vs wide (sociological/philosophical) views." / "Discuss the nature and importance of the study of jurisprudence for a lawyer." Short questions: Ulpian's definition; etymology (jus + prudentia); formal science (Holland); analytical vs historical vs philosophical kinds; formal vs functional; grammar- of-law analogy. Trick areas: (i) attribute precisely — Austin = "philosophy of positive law," Holland = "formal science"; (ii) jurisprudence ≠ legal system/positive law itself — it is the theory of it; (iii) always close with the Nepal paragraph (Nepali scholars; Muluki Ain → 2074 Codes) — it is the visible difference-maker in this course.