11.2 Classification of Ownership

11.2.1 Sole and Co-ownership Sole ownership: one owner holds the entire bundle. Co-ownership: several persons own together — coparcenary-style family holdings, spousal joint ownership, co-tenants. The co-owners' essential unity is the unity of possession: each owns an undivided share, but every co-owner is entitled to possession of the whole jointly with the others — none may exclude another. Shares may be equal or defined (by law, by deed, by contribution); possession by one co-owner is possession by all, and exclusive hostile ouster of the others is what converts co-ownership litigation into adverse-possession litigation. Nepali anchors: the family coparcenary tradition in succession practice; spousal joint ownership — Nepali law's recognition that property acquired during coverture is, in substance, jointly held (on partition each spouse is entitled to an equal share of property acquired during the marriage); communal holdings of kipat tradition historically. 11.2.2 Corporeal and Incorporeal Ownership Corporeal ownership is ownership of things — land, a buffalo, a house. Incorporeal ownership is ownership of rights — copyright, a debt, goodwill, a patent. Incorporeal ownership is ownership of a right which is itself the object of further rights — the "re over a jus" puzzle jurists savour: the copyright owner owns a right (the exclusive bundle), which he can sell, license, mortgage — property over property's shadow. Article 25's inclusion of intellectual…