Discuss the civil-war limit.

War in the classical sense: a state of armed hostilities between states — a legal status (with consequences: treaties, neutrality, enemy-property rules) as much as a fact. The modern reform: the UN Charter's outlawry dissolved war's legality; modern doctrine prefers "armed conflict" (the Geneva Conventions' term): any armed confrontation between states (international) or between a state and organized armed groups (non-international). Types: declared/undeclared; total/limited; international vs. non-international (Common Articles 2 and 3's divide); conventional/ guerrilla/cyber-enabled; the "hybrid" spectrum below the armed-conflict threshold. The outlawry's ladder (the dates to command): Antiquity and custom: just-war theory's childhood (Augustine; the bellum justum tradition) and the warrior codes (chivalry, the Hindu dharmayuddha, Islamic siyar); The classical age (Grotius to the Hague): Grotius's De Jure Belli ac Pacis (1625); the Lieber Code (1863) — the first modern war manual; The Hague era (1899, 1907): the codification of the laws and customs of war on land; the Martens Clause; The League era (1919–39): the Covenant's collective security (first design, gaps and all) and the Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) — the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy (the outlawry's text, vindicated at Nuremberg); The Charter era (1945– ): the force-prohibition of Article 2(4) — the modern jus contra bellum; Nuremberg's "supreme international crime" (aggressive war); the ICJ's Nicaragua (1986) and the Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion…