11.5 Collective Security

Chapter VII's graduated machinery: Article 39 — the determination of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression; Article 41 — non-force measures (sanctions, embargoes); Article 42 — military enforcement by authorized coalitions; the Military Staff Committee's long sleep; the veto's shadow (the P5's paralysis cases — Syria; Ukraine 2022 and the General Assembly's Uniting for Peace revival); the General Assembly's subsidiary roles (recommendations; the R2P debates); regional arrangements (Chapter VIII) — regional enforcement action requires Security Council authorization (Article 53); the practice: ECOWAS's interventions (the ex post authorization pattern), the AU's AMISOM (the Council- authorized regional enforcement's biggest case), the OSCE's monitoring tradition — and SAARC's exclusionary design (no bilateral or contentious issues; no regional enforcement capacity by design — the South Asian counter-model). The adjacent doctrines (the unit's other half — the intervention family): the principle of non-intervention — Charter Articles 2(1), 2(7) + the Friendly Relations Declaration (GA Res 2625, 1970) + the ICJ's Nicaragua (1986): no armed intervention; no support of armed bands or insurgents; no coercion of political or economic choice; and effective control as the attribution standard for organized groups. Humanitarian intervention — the claimed right to use force to stop mass atrocities without consent: the 1990s' tragedies and Kosovo 1999 — NATO's campaign without Council authorization, the Independent…