6.2 Personal Jurisdiction

Active personality: every state's jurisdiction over its nationals wherever found (the nationality-service of criminal law — the returning offender; Nepal's Criminal Code reaching grave offences committed abroad by Nepalis); Passive personality: jurisdiction where the victim is a national — historically contested (the Cutting case's objection), now widely accepted for defined grave crimes (the terrorism era's growth); The substitutes for the personality gap: stateless persons (the 1954 Convention's jurisdiction by lawful residence); The corporate person's nationality (incorporation/seat — Unit 5) with its jurisdictional consequences.