6.3 Maritime Jurisdiction

The law of the sea's zone-architecture (UNCLOS 1982 — the "Constitution for the Oceans"; Nepal a signatory though not a party, its Part X access-rights regime being the landlocked states' charter): Zone Breadth Jurisdiction Internal waters Ports, bays Full sovereignty; no innocent-passage right Territorial sea 12 n.m. Sovereignty subject to innocent passage (criminal jurisdiction on passing ships only in defined cases) Archipelagic waters — Sovereignty with archipelagic sea-lanes passage Contiguous zone 24 n.m. Enforcement for customs, fiscal, immigration, sanitary matters Exclusive Economic Zone 200 n.m. Functional rights — resources, installations, science, environment — not full territory Continental shelf 200 n.m. (extendable) Sovereign rights over seabed resources High seas Beyond Freedoms; flag-state jurisdiction International Seabed Area Beyond national jurisdiction Common heritage of mankind (the Authority's regime) The high seas' exceptions to flag-state exclusivity (memorize): piracy (universal jurisdiction — hostis humani generis); slave trading; unauthorized broadcasting; stateless vessels; hot pursuit (continuous pursuit from the zone into the high seas); and international straits' transit passage (the freedom-corridor for ships and aircraft).