7.6 Limitations on Immunities (the cross-cutting list)

Waiver — express by the sending state (VCDR Art. 32); treaty submissions to arbitration; commercial-contract conduct; waiver of jurisdiction ≠ waiver of execution; Duration — immunities end with function (departure; mission's end; official-act immunity's endurance as the exception); Personal scope's gradations — family, staff, honorary officials (VCDR Art. 37's calibration); Subject-matter carve-outs — the restrictive doctrine's exceptions (commercial, employment, territorial tort, immovables); The abuse answers — PNG (the individual's recall); premises' misuse (Art. 41's duty — the Assange embassy saga as the era's emblem); Jus cogens/human-rights arguments — the Pinochet openings against the Jurisdictional Immunities bar; Insurance and compensation schemes (the diplomat-driver's civil liability's practical answers). Recent trends (essay-closers): the human-rights vs. immunity frontier (Al-Adsani; Italy's Constitutional Court's Sentenza 238/2014 defiance); the ICC's indictment practice vs. sitting heads (the Al-Bashir line; the Jordan Referral decision); terrorism exceptions (JASTA 2016); the IO accountability wave; and the doctrinal future — a "responsibility to provide remedies" as immunity's emerging condition. Exam Focus Long questions: "Trace the evolution of state immunity from the Schooner Exchange to the restrictive doctrine, naming the statutory exceptions." / "Explain heads-of-state immunity with the Arrest Warrant case and the ICC's interface with immunities." / "'Immunity is procedural; responsibility is substantive.' Discuss Jurisdictional Immunities and the human-rights challenge." Short questions: acta jure imperii/gestionis; Tate Letter; functional necessity; immunity vs. inviolability;…