10.2 Comparison of Directive Principles, Policies and Fundamental

Duties Point Directive principles (Art State policies (Art 51) Obligations of the State (Art 52) Fundamental duties (Art 48) Bearer The State (all levels) The State (all levels) The State Citizens Content Point Directive principles (Art State policies (Art 51) Obligations of the State (Art 52) Fundamental duties (Art 48) The four objectives — ends of governance The means — detailed policy catalogue The affirmative "shall do" commitments Allegiance; obey law; service when needed; protect public property Form Goal-clauses Programme- clauses Duty-clauses Four brief clauses Justiciability Non-justiciable (Art 55) Non-justiciable (Art 55) Non-justiciable in form, but partially operationalised through justiciable structures (Art 60 machinery) Non-justiciable; no sanction clause in practice Enforcement channel Political + interpretive Political + legislative conversion Political + structural Moral-political; civic education Function in the text The constitution's ends The state's programme The state's promises The citizens' counterpart The comparative points that earn marks: Principles vs. policies: the ends-means relation — Article 50 states what kind of society the state pursues; Article 51 how it will pursue it; a policy inconsistent with a principle is incoherent, a principle without policies is rhetoric; Obligations vs. both: the obligations are the state's self-imposed duties — closer to action and (in fiscal-structural matters) to actual machinery; Duties as the citizens' mirror: the 2015 Constitution keeps fundamental duties modest (Article 48…