Write short notes on (b) Marbury v

Separation of powers is the doctrine that the three functions of government — making law (legislature), executing law (executive) and adjudicating disputes (judiciary) — should be assigned to three distinct organs, staffed separately and mutually independent, so that no single organ accumulates all power and liberty is preserved. Montesquieu gave the doctrine its canonical form in De l'Esprit des Lois (1748): when legislative and executive powers are united in the same person or body there can be no liberty; nor is there liberty if the judiciary is not separate from the legislature and the executive — power must check power. Its ancestry runs through Aristotle's mixed constitution, Locke's division of powers, and the American founders who made separation the architecture of the 1787 Constitution. Three distinct claims are bundled in the doctrine — unbundle them for full marks: Functional allocation — each function to a specialised organ (legislature makes general rules; executive applies them; judiciary decides particular disputes by law); Personal separation — no person should belong to more than one organ at a time (the incompatibility rule); Mutual non-interference — no organ encroaches on the others' functions (no executive decrees with force of law; no legislative adjudication; no judicial legislation). Rationale: (i) liberty — the concentration of all powers in the same hands "may justly be pronounced the very…