Write short notes on (b) Panchayat constitution

The era before written constitutionalism — governance by conquest, custom and code: The unification and the Shah state (1743–1846): Prithvi Narayan Shah's Gorkhali unification (the 1768 Valley conquest its symbol) built a Hindu kingdom governed by the king's direct decree, the royal court's advisory apparatus, and customary law's diversity — a centralised kingship over a multi-legal realm. The Muluki Ain (1854): not a constitution, but the subcontinent's pioneering national legal code — Jung Bahadur's post-European-tour codification: one text for every caste and community, hierarchy-aware but uniform in promise. Its discipline: officials' discretion curbed by written provision — legality without constitutionalism. The Rana system (1846–1951): the Kot Parva (1903 BS) establishing a hereditary executive prime-ministership — the king retained, the state captured; governance by sanads, decrees and the code's machinery; no written limits, no rights, no courts independent of the executive — the century in which "constitution" itself was forbidden currency in public discourse. The reform eddies: the 1940s' martyrs' movement (Shukraraj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta, Dashrath Chand, Gangalal — the four martyrs of 1941) building the pressure that produced the first written document — the 1948 Act below.