Write short notes on (d) Capital punishment bar

The intellectual pedigree: natural law and social contract theory (Locke's life-liberty-property; Rousseau's popular sovereignty) — rights as prior to the state, not its gifts; and the Enlightenment's declarations. The documents' lineage (the ladder): Magna Carta 1215 (law of the land) → the English Bill of Rights 1689 → the American Declaration of Independence 1776 and the Bill of Rights 1791 → the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen 1789 — the first-generation canon of civil-political rights. The twentieth century's expansion: the Weimar Constitution's social rights; the UDHR 1948 and the twin Covenants of 1966 (ICCPR/ICESCR — civil-political and socio-economic pillars); post-colonial constitutions synthesising liberty with social justice; and the "new" rights from the 1970s–90s (environment, development, peace). The comparative map: the three generations of rights — civil-political; socio-economic; solidarity/collective. Nepal's own ladder: the 1948 Act's silence; the 1951 Interim Act's first rights chapter (limited, non-justiciable in substance); the 1959 Constitution's justiciable bill of rights; the 1962 Constitution's duties-first design (rights as concessions); the 1990 Constitution's full bill with writ jurisdiction (the Supreme Court's expansion era); the 2007 Interim Constitution's social-rights additions; and the 2015 Constitution's thirty-one rights (Articles 16–46) — the most extensive bill in Nepali history.