9.2 Importance of Fundamental Rights and Duties

Why rights are "fundamental": They are the constitution's purpose, not its decoration — the state is organised so that rights are secured (the Preamble's ends); Supremacy's content — Article 1 voids inconsistent laws, but what is inconsistency measured against? Part 3 supplies the measure; Limits on majorities — rights bind even elected legislatures (the counter-majoritarian function); The citizen-state relationship's grammar — rights define what the state may not do (negative) and must do (positive) to each person; Remedies make them real — the right to constitutional remedy converts text into standing in court. Why duties matter (the mirror): rights presuppose a polity that sustains them — allegiance, obedience to law, service when the state needs it, care of public property are the civic floor beneath the rights structure. The 2015 text keeps duties modest (Article 48, below) — no separate "fundamental duties" chapter; rights remain Part 3's spine. The exam framing: rights and duties are correlative, not rival — a state that ignores duties loses the community rights need, and a state that emphasises duties instead of rights is the 1962 pattern, not constitutionalism.