Write short notes on (d) Standing offer

Meaning (the pollicitatio): the offeror's definite proposal — the willingness to be bound on the offeree's acceptance: intention + definiteness + communication. Rules regarding a valid offer (the five to list): Intention to contract — seriousness: the social-and-domestic arrangements excluded (the dinner invitation; the jest); Definiteness — the terms certain: no "roughly maybe" proposals; Communication to the offeree — the unknown offer cannot be accepted; Not a mere invitation — the invitation-to-treat distinction below; The terms' compliance — acceptance must be the mirror of the offer (the mirror rule — any variation is a counter-offer). Types of offer: Express / implied (by words / by conduct); Specific (to a defined person — only he may accept) vs. general (to the world — the reward and public tender: the Carlill line's logic; the Code's "proposal presented before the public"); Cross-offers — two simultaneous offers in opposite directions: no contract (neither is an acceptance of the other); Counter-offer — the original offer's rejection plus a new offer (the acceptance's mirror broken); Standing / open-and-continuing offers — the supply-framework tenders (each order an acceptance exercising the offer; revocable before the next order). Communication of offer (including electronic communications): the offer effective on communication to the offeree (before that, nothing to accept); the special modes — the offer to the public (the reward: acceptance…