7.2 Rules regarding Indirect Contract

The governing principles (the law's own rules for the law-imposed obligations): No consent required: the obligation attaches by law regardless of the defendant's assent — the animus irrelevant; The unjust-benefit test: the duty arises only where the defendant has been unjustly enriched — a benefit received without juristic base (below); The necessity-and-mistake limits: the law intervenes where the payment was made by mistake, compulsion or necessity — not the volunteer's claims (the officious intermeddler barred: the volunteer cannot found a quasi contract); The measure: restitution of the benefit — what the defendant gained, not what the plaintiff lost (the damages/restitution distinction: Unit 11's pair); The Nepali frame: the Muluki Civil Code's unjust-enrichment-and-restitution provisions (the payment-not-owed's return; the benefit's disgorge rules) — the codification of the quasi- contract family; the courts' restitutionary practice (the builder's-and-supplier's recovery line — the enrichment-counted cases).