How are paternity and maternity established under the law of Nepal?

The parent-child relation (sanbandha) is a status created by law — not merely biology. It arises by: Birth in wedlock — the primary route: the child born to a married couple; Birth out of wedlock — the relation to the mother automatic (by birth); to the father by acknowledgment or judicial determination (below); Adoption — the relation created by law's act, not nature's (Unit 7); Assisted reproduction — IVF within marriage (the marriage's consent frame); surrogacy's statute still awaited (Unit 6's aside and your Children's Law readings). The relation's legal character: reciprocal (rights AND duties flowing both directions — the child's claim on the parents, the aged parents' claim on the adult child), non-contractual (cannot be bargained away), and equality-based (the Code 2074's design: both parents, all children, no illegitimacy-based discrimination — the constitutional floor of Articles 18 and 38(1)).