Discuss (b) Spectrum scarcity

Mass media — the channels of communication that carry messages to a mass audience: "media" (the plural of medium — the carrier) + "mass" (the many, undifferentiated audience). The definitional core: one-to-many communication — publication in the broad sense, as distinct from the private, one-to-one communication of ordinary conversation or correspondence. The concept's layers: The channel: print (newspapers, magazines, books), broadcast (radio, television), cinema, and the digital (internet portals, social platforms) — the types of Unit 1.3; The functions: information (the news), education, entertainment, and the watchdog — the "fourth estate" self-image: the press as the public's scrutineer of the three constitutional organs; The field of media law: the regulation and rights of the mass communicators — the freedom frame (constitutional guarantees, Unit 2) + the regulation frame (licensing and content rules, Unit 3) + the accountability frame (crimes, torts and remedies, Units 5–9).