1.3 Types of Mass Media

Type Carriers Regulator's instrument (Unit 3) Print Newspapers, magazines Press and Publication Act 2048 — registration (not licensing) Broadcast Radio (FM/community), television National Broadcasting Act 2049 — licensing (spectrum scarcity) Cinema/film Films, documentaries, shorts Motion Picture Act 2025 B.S. — certification Advertising Ad content across all media Advertisement (Regulation) Act 2019 B.S. + sector codes Internet/ online Portals, blogs, social media, OTT Electronic Transactions Act 2063 + developing directives The convergence note: the digital type absorbs and re-shapes all others (the newspaper's website, the TV's stream, the film's OTT release) — media law's boundary-blur, the recurring theme of Units 3 and 9.