2.2 Freedom of Press and Publication

Article 19 — the media's own article (the verified commands): No prior censorship of any press, broadcasting or digital publication (the pre-publication state approval — absolutely barred; the 2005 censorship's constitutional answer); No closure or seizure of press, publication or broadcasting institutions; no cancellation of registration — except by law (the media's existence-protection: the state cannot kill a newspaper or station by administrative fiat); No obstruction of transmission — except by law (the statutory-only interference rule). The institutional design: the collective press freedom (newsroom independence, editorial autonomy) + the individual journalist's position (the source-protection practice — Unit 4); the broadcast's special frame — licensing coexists with Article 19 because of spectrum scarcity (Unit 3), but the license cannot become a leash (cancellation only by law). The economic face (media's viability): the Working Journalists Act 2051 (the journalist's minimum employment terms — the profession's floor); the state-advertising power (the subsidy's leverage problem — the government as the biggest advertiser, independence's quiet threat).