2.5 Grounds of Reasonable Restrictions and Constitutional Remedies

The restriction clause (Article 17(3) family): the freedom's provisos — the laws imposing reasonable restrictions in the public interest: sovereignty, integrity, national unity; public order (peace, harmony); decency and morality (obscenity's link); defamation and contempt of court; incitement to discrimination; and the like. The restriction's discipline (the methodology that earns marks): Legality: statute only — no administrative whim (Article 19's except-by-law); Necessity and proportionality: legitimate aim → suitable means → least-restrictive alternative → the balance — censorship's inverse: restrict the specific expression, never the press as an institution. The remedies (Article 46 + 133/144): Writ jurisdiction: mandamus (to stop censorship, to compel registration), certiorari (to quash the licensing/penalty decision), habeas corpus (the detained journalist), prohibition, and the declaration of invalidity (the restrictive law struck); Compensation: the remedy for the violation of these rights; PIL: the media-freedom public-interest tradition — any citizen's standing for the press's freedom.