Discuss (b) Film certification

The statute: the National Broadcasting Act, 2049 (1992) with the Broadcasting Regulation, 2052 — the broadcast licensing frame (radio and television alike). The license: no broadcasting without it — the entry control; the conditions (fee, duration, renewal) and the content obligations (news-and-advertisement ratios, the national-content faces); The licensing authority: the Ministry (Communication and Information Technology) on the recommendation machinery — the frequency's allocation (the spectrum's state ownership; the technical clearance); The foreign-investment caps and the ownership-disclosure conditions; The pay-TV layer: cable and DTH distribution's licensing and must-carry questions; The constitutional discipline: the license conditions cannot become censorship — closure or cancellation only by law (Article 19); renewal's refusal reviewable (Unit 2's remedies).