3.6 Internet (Online, Media and Blog)

The online news portal's registration: the directives requiring portal registration with the Ministry — the registration-vs-licensing debate recurring (the 2019-era directives; the registered-portal list; the constitutional questions — the shutdown and de-registration powers contested); The content offences: the Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 — the e-content provisions (the obscene electronic publication, the unauthorized access faces) applied to online media; The platform's liability: the intermediary question — the portal hosting third-party content; the social platform's responsibility for the virally spread (the developing law — takedown regimes and their proportionality, Unit 2.5's method applied); The blog and the citizen publisher: the blogger as "press"? — Article 19's medium-neutral reading (the blog within the no-censorship protection) vs. the portal-registration demands (the definitional fight of the digital era); The misinformation problem: fake news's regulation-vs-freedom balance (the criminalization risk vs. the harm's reality) — Unit 9.4's trends treatment. Exam Focus Long questions: (i) The broadcast regime (television + radio) under the National Broadcasting Act 2049 — licensing, conditions, the constitutional discipline; (ii) The print regime under the Press and Publication Act 2048 — registration-not-licensing + the responsibility triangle; (iii) Advertising and cinema regulation (the two statutes with years); (iv) The Internet media's regulation — registration, ETA 2063, platform liability. Short questions: the FM news-ban era; certification vs. censorship; the imprint duty; the OTT question. Trick areas:…