5.2 Qualifying Requirements for Copyright Protection

Originality: the work must originate from the author — the author's own creation (the minimal-creativity threshold; the "sweat of the brow vs. creativity" standards debate); Fixation: the tangible form — written, recorded, digitized (the broadcast's signal as fixed content); The exclusions: ideas, facts, news of the day, official texts of a legislative/administrative character (the government's laws and judgments freely reproducible — the media's foundational free material); Authorship's eligibility: the person-and-qualification faces (the national treatment principle — the Berne and TRIPS frames: foreign works protected as domestic); The term: the author's life plus the post-mortem period (the Act's term — the protection expiring into the public domain); The formalities' absence: no deposit, no notice — the voluntary registration as proof only.