5.4 Exceptions to Copyright

The Act's permitted-use catalogue (the public-interest carve-outs — the media's breathing space): Fair dealing for research and private study — the scholar's and reporter's background use; Criticism and review — the reviewer's quotation (the review may quote what it reviews — the quotation's proportionality); News reporting — the current-events use: the reporting of news may use others' works to the extent the information's conveyance requires (the news's facts-plus-expression carve-out); Education and library faces: the teaching copies, the library preservation — the classroom's and archive's limited copying; The public-interest faces: the official texts; the public-domain works (term expired; the classics free to all); the de minimis use; The test (the exceptions' discipline): the fair-dealing purposes only, the necessary extent only — the exception is a shield for purposes, not a licence to substitute for the work (the wholesale copying of a competitor's story is theft even in "news reporting").