Discuss (b) invoice fraud

(a) The offences (the catalogue) Income-tax side (the Income Tax Act 2058's scheme): Late filing / late payment — the return after the date; the tax after the due date (fees and interest, not crimes); Understatement by negligence — the careless return (penalty percentages on the shortfall); Evasion — the fraud on the statute: concealment of income, false statements, fake books and documents (the heavy-penalty and prosecution route); TDS default by a payer — withholding not done, or withheld and not deposited (penalty + the deemed-assessment consequences); Obstruction — of audit, inspection or investigation (penalties; escalation). VAT side (the VAT Act 2052's scheme): non-registration where required; non-issuance of tax invoices; false and fake invoices; input-credit fraud; obstruction — the same culpability ladder, the invoice system's own crimes. The distinction that organizes everything (Unit 4's pair): avoidance — arranging affairs to reduce tax within the statute's letter (lawful, met by anti-avoidance doctrines: substance over form; disregarding arrangements lacking commercial substance); evasion — fraud on the statute (criminal). The line is intent and concealment. (b) The penalties (the culpability ladder) Conduct Consequence type Late filing / payment Fees and interest Understatement by negligence Penalty percentage on the shortfall Evasion (concealment, false books) Heavy penalties; the prosecution route TDS default by payer Penalty + deemed assessability Obstruction of audit/inquiry Penalties; escalation The ladder…