11.3 Establishment of EU

The Maastricht Treaty (1992, in force 1993) — the European Union's establishment: the three-pillar design — the EC (the communities' supranational core: the economic-and- monetary union's path, the euro's design) + the common foreign-and-security policy + the justice-and-home affairs (the intergovernmental pillars); The euro (1999/2002) — the single currency's arrival (the monetary union's trade-and- transaction effects); The Amsterdam (1997), Nice (2001) revisions — the freedoms' extension, the enlargement's preparation; The Lisbon Treaty (2007, in force 2009) — the EU's single legal personality (the pillars merged); the Charter of Fundamental Rights' binding force; the institutions' modernisation (the Parliament's powers; the High Representative; the President of the European Council); the Union's treaty structure: the TEU-and-TFEU; The institutions (the working map): the European Commission (the executive-and- initiator); the Council (the ministers); the European Parliament (the co-legislator); the Court of Justice of the EU (the EU law's interpreter — the direct-effect-and-supremacy jurisprudence); the European Council (the heads' summits); the ECB (the euro's guardian); The Brexit (2016-2020) — the first withdrawal (the Article 50 TEU process; the TCA's trade face) — the integration's first reversal, honestly noted. The EU's trade personality today: the exclusive commercial competence (the member states' treaties' displacement); the common external tariff; the FTA network; the WTO member AS A UNION (the member states alongside) — the world's largest trading bloc's law.…