13.2 The 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and

Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards The cornerstone (the arbitration's crown jewel — Unit 12's enforceability made treaty law): the New York Convention 1958 — the 170-plus states' near-universality (Nepal a party); the awards' passport. The framework: The obligation: each contracting state recognizes the agreement to arbitrate (the stay-and- refer duty — the court seized of the covered dispute refers the parties to arbitration) AND enforces the awards (the recognition's effect: the award binding, the enforcement as a local judgment's course); The scope: the awards made in another contracting state (the reciprocity reservation — the common declaration) and the awards not considered domestic in the enforcement state (the commerciality reservation — the trade disputes' limitation); The enforcement's procedure: the party's application with the DULY AUTHENTICATED award-and-agreement (the documentary discipline); the court's summary course — no merits review (the case is NOT reopened); The refusal grounds (Article V — the closed list, the defendant's burden): (a) the INCAPACITY-or-invalidity of the agreement; (b) the NOTICE's failure — the party not properly informed of the arbitrator's appointment-or-the proceedings; (c) the TRIBUNAL'S EXCESS — the jurisdiction's overstep-or-the terms' breach; (d) the composition-or-procedure's irregularity (the law-and-agreement's violation); (e) the award NOT final-or-binding-or-set-aside where made; (f) the NON-ARBITRABILITY of the subject; (g) the PUBLIC POLICY violation — the enforcing state's fundamentals; The ground-f) and-g) review — the…