1.2 Models of Juvenile Justice

Model The core The historical face The critique Welfare / parens patriae The state as parent — the child's needs, not the offence's deserts The early juvenile courts (1899-1960s) Unbounded discretion — the "help" that caged longer than punishment Justice / due process The offence's proportionate answer with the full rights armour The due-process revolution (the In re Gault line — counsel and notice for juveniles) The adult process's mimicry; the malleability's neglect Restorative / community The harm's repair — victim, child and community in dialogue The family-group- conference and circle movements The net-widening risk; the victim's voluntariness Minimum intervention / neo- correctional Diversion first; the graded intervention for the persistent few The modern synthesis The risk-classification's labeling echo Nepal's frame: the constitutional-and-statutory architecture (Unit 4) is the minimum- intervention synthesis — juvenile courts and benches, diversion, correction homes, the last- resort custody — with the welfare legacy (the reform-home philosophy) and the justice guarantees (the fair-trial rights) in the mix.