The line (the tour — seven steps): The common law's infancy defence — the under-seven irrebuttable, the under-fourteen rebuttable incapacity (the doli incapax doctrine, by name); The reformatory movement — the nineteenth century's houses of refuge and reformatories; The first juvenile court — Illinois, 1899 — the parens patriae court: the world's model; The due-process correction — the 1960s-70s: counsel-and-notice for juveniles (In re Gault), the jury limits' line; The rights-era codification — the CRC 1989's Articles 37 and 40 + the Beijing Rules 1985: the international standard's settlement; The restorative-and-diversion turn — the 1990s-2000s: the diversion statutes, the family conferencing, the records' sealing; Nepal's line: the Children's Act 2048 (1992) — the child-law consolidation with the juvenile-court provision; the Children's Rules 2051; the Juvenile Justice (Procedure) Rules 2063 — the bench-and-procedure operationalisation; the Supreme Court's implementation jurisprudence (the mandamus and habeas line — Unit 6's cases); the Children's Act 2075 (2018) — the modern consolidation: juvenile courts, the liability ladder, diversion, correction homes; and the Juvenile Justice (Procedure) Rules 2075/76 (2019) — the current rulebook.
Exam Focus Long questions: (i) The concept and rationale (the three pillars); (ii) The models (the four — the table) with Nepal's synthesis; (iii) Juvenile vs. criminal justice (the table verbatim); (iv) The historical development (the seven steps with Nepal's line: 2048 → 2063 → 2075). Short questions: parens patriae; disposition vs. sentence; doli incapax; the Illinois 1899 court. Trick areas: (i) The vocabulary IS the policy — "adjudication and disposition", never "trial and sentence"; the child is "in conflict with law", not a "delinquent being"; (ii) The welfare model's critique is NOT that it was too harsh in theory but that its unbounded discretion caged longer in practice; (iii) Nepal's own first juvenile-court command is the Children's Act 2048's provision (s.55) — the mandamus cases' anchor (Unit 6).