Explain the international legal framework on juvenile justice (the UN instruments).

4.1.1 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989 The magna carta (Nepal an early ratifier, 1990): Article 1 (the below-18 child); Article 3 (best interests); Article 12 (the child's voice); Article 37 — the custody-and-punishment floor: no torture; no capital punishment and no life imprisonment without release for children; detention as last resort, shortest appropriate time; separation from adults; the assistance-and- challenge rights; Article 40 — the juvenile-justice administration: the presumption of innocence, prompt notice in understood language, counsel, the speedy determination, no compelled confession, privacy — and the disposition menu (diversion, guidance, supervision, probation, the custody alternatives). Plus the Optional Protocols (children in armed conflict; sexual exploitation) and the Committee's General Comments. 4.1.2 Beijing Rules 1985 (UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice) The system's technical bible: the rule-of-law floor; the age of criminal responsibility's rational lower bound; diversion's preference at every stage; the detention-last-resort command; the investigation's safeguards (the parents' notification, counsel, the child-friendly questioning); the disposition menu; the records' confidentiality and destruction; the non-discrimination rule. 4.1.3 Riyadh Guidelines 1990 (UN Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency) The prevention's map (the up-stream document): the family's support-first policy; education's universalisation (the school-failure cascade's dam); the community's participation; the media's responsibility; the social-policy floors (employment, housing, the street-and-working children's programmes); the progressive, non-stigmatising early…