1.3 Brief History of Fiscal Legislation in Nepal

The line (the tour — with the Act-years as the stations): The pre-modern world — the land-centred revenue (the jagir, birta, kipat tenures' assignments; the land revenue and the customs' ancient faces; the jhara exactions) — the Rana-era land revenue's world; The 1950s-60s turn — the modern budgeting's beginning; the early income-type taxation's introduction; the 2019 B.S. Foreign Exchange Regulation (the controls' code); the Audit Act 2019's early face; The 1970s-80s patchwork — the sales tax, the contract tax, the hotel tax; the Land Revenue Act 2034; the Financial Administration Provisions-era rules (the pre-IGFA world); The 1990s revolution — the Value Added Tax Act 2052 (1996) (the tax modernisation's milestone); the income-tax reorganisation; The 2000s consolidation — the Income Tax Act 2058 and the Excise Duty Act 2058 (the modern codes); the Customs Act 2064; The federal redesign — the Constitution 2072's fiscal federalism (the three-tier powers; the NNRFC); the Local Government Operation Act 2074 and the Intergovernmental Fiscal Arrangement Act 2074 (the operating statutes); the Economic Procedures Act 2074 (the budget execution's code); the new Customs Act 2081 (2024).