11.6 Cyber Crime

The statute: the Electronic Transactions Act, 2063 (2006) — Nepal's principal cyber statute: the electronic document and signature's legal recognition plus the offence family — unauthorized access (hacking), the data-and-privacy wrongs (the unauthorized copying or disclosure of electronic materials), the electronic forgery and fraud (the document offences of Unit 12's digital face), the phishing-and-scam offences (the OTP thefts, the SIM-swap frauds, the social-media impersonation rackets), the computer-damaging offences (the malware and sabotage), and the content offences (the obscene-material provisions — the speech-tension debates). The practice: the police cyber bureaus' dockets; the drafting-era gap (the dedicated cyber-crime bill long in process — the ETA's age showing); the cross-border problem (the servers abroad, the MLAT delays); the evidence's special character (LAW 407 Evidence's digital front). The doctrinal notes: the cyber crime as the traditional crime's new instrument (theft, cheating, forgery through the machine — the substantive law's continuity) plus the truly novel wrongs (the integrity-and- availability attacks). Exam Focus Long questions: (i) Organized crime — the definition (Palermo faces), the characteristics, the groups with the South Asian-Nepal faces, the machinery (Palermo + the national statutes and agencies), Sita Ram Giri; (ii) Money laundering — the definition (the three stages), the Act 2064's structure (predicate offences, the FIU and DMLI), the FATF frame; (iii) Corruption — the offence family, the CIAA's constitutional architecture…