3.6 Principle of Double Jeopardy

No person prosecuted or punished MORE THAN ONCE for the same offence — Article 20(6); ICCPR 14(7). The anatomy: (i) autrefois acquit/convict (the earlier acquittal or conviction's bar); (ii) the identity test (the same act constituting the same offence — a fresh act re-opens); (iii) a VALID FINAL judgment on the merits (a technical dismissal does not bar); (iv) the neighbours that are NOT jeopardy: disciplinary proceedings (different purpose), civil damages alongside punishment, the superior court's permitted appeals. Worked illustration: A acquitted of theft of B's buffalo — the State cannot retry for the same taking; but if A takes the buffalo AGAIN, a new offence, fresh jeopardy; and if A is also the bank's employee fired after the acquittal, the dismissal is not double jeopardy (the disciplinary track).