Discuss (a) margin of appreciation

The world's strongest system: the European Convention on Human Rights 1950 (the Council of Europe's crown) with its Court (ECtHR) — the individual's direct access to an international court (the revolutionary design: the individual as a party against the state); the binding judgments (Art 46 — the execution supervised by the Committee of Ministers); the Protocols' expanding catalogue (the property, election and fair-trial rights — Protocols 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13); the margin of appreciation doctrine (the Court's deference calculus — the states' discretion within the Convention's limits); the reform debates (the caseload — the Protocol 11 and 14 reforms; the Brighton process; the withdrawal politics). Beside: the European Social Charter 1961 (the revised 1996 text; the collective complaints' mechanism); the CPT (the torture- prevention visits); the Framework Convention for National Minorities. The lesson (the exam's line): judicialized protection at scale — the model the other systems measure themselves against; the EU's own Charter of Fundamental Rights (Lisbon) as the integration's internal rights layer (Unit 4's EU connection).