5.2 Guthi (institutional land ownership): land endowed for temples, rituals, festivals and

charitable maintenance — the deity/santh's property managed by guthiyars; inalienable in principle, the produce funding the puja. The sanjhya/nichhe (public/private) distinction; the modern regime (Guthi Corporation Act 2033 — U6.2); the continuing litigation over guthi land's administration and recovery from encroachment. The guthi as the only traditional tenure that survives as a living institution — the endowment logic too embedded in religious life to abolish (the 2019 withdrawal the proof).