2.2 On the Basis of Physical Structure: Documentary, Oral and

Material Evidence Oral evidence — the witness's testimony in court (the examination's yield): the perception narrated, tested by cross-examination (the oral proof's home advantage: testability; its weakness: memory, perception, honesty — the credibility triangle); Documentary evidence — the documents produced for the court's inspection: the deeds, the records, the correspondence; the public documents (the registers, the judgments — the certified copies' regime, Unit 5.1.5) and the private; the primary-secondary divide (2.3 below); the documentary proof's discipline (the best-evidence rule — Unit 3.2); Material (real) evidence — the things themselves: the murder weapon, the seized narcotics, the forged seal, the blood-stained garment; the production-and-custody discipline (the chain of custody — the exhibit's integrity from seizure to courtroom; the dashi — the material evidence attested by witness, Unit 5.1.11); the real evidence's cousin — the demonstrative (the maps, models and photographs that illustrate but do not prove). The modern fourth member: digital evidence — the data stored or transmitted (the messages, the logs, the metadata) — structurally documentary-or-material but with its own regime (Unit 5's note).