3.3 Hearsay Evidence is No Evidence

The hearsay's bar: an out-of-court statement offered for its truth — the witness recounting what another said, the other not before the court. The rule's logic: no cross-examination of the original speaker — the testimony's testing denied (no oath, no observation of demeanour, no contradiction); the reliability's protection. The classic chain: A told B that C struck D — B's testimony of A's words cannot prove that C struck D. The exceptions (the statute's admissions — Unit 5's catalogue): the admissions and confessions, the dying declarations, the statements on the spot, the public records, the statements in special conditions — each justified by necessity (the declarant's unavailability) and reliability (the circumstances' trustworthiness). The Nepali position: the Act's structured exceptions — the "hearsay is no evidence" principle subject to the statute's list. The exam's frame: state the rule, the logic, and the exceptions — the rule without the exceptions is the incomplete answer.