The legislative history's ladder: The early industrial statutes: the Factory and Factory Workers Act 2016 (1959) — the first factory-regulation face; the Plantation Workers' era's sectoral faces; The 1990 movement's generation: the Trade Union Act 2048 (1992) — the unions' statute (the legalisation of the independent unionism); the Labour Act 2048 (1992) — the consolidated employment-and-relations code; the Bonus Act's profit-sharing world; The specialised additions: the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 2056; the Foreign Employment Act 2064 (the migrants' parallel world); the Child Care and Training Centre faces; The modern consolidation: the Labour Act 2074 (2017) and the Labour Rules 2075 — the previous acts' merger and modernisation (the employment forms, the OSH, the social security's integration); the Social Security Act 2074 — the contributory scheme's historic first; the Social Security Plan Operation Procedures 2075; The current questions: the federal era's three-level labour functions; the informal sector's challenge (the economy's 80%-plus informality); the gig economy's arrival.
Exam Focus Long questions: (i) Labour law's meaning, nature and scope (the protective-law thesis + the informality's honest audit); (ii) The ILO — origin, tripartite structure, and the core standards (the five pairs with numbers); (iii) Industrial jurisprudence + the workers' fundamental rights; (iv) The legislative history's ladder. Short questions: the tripartite principle; the 1998 Declaration's even-unratified doctrine; the pro-worker canon; C87's Nepali gap. Trick areas: (i) The core standards bind members EVEN WITHOUT RATIFICATION (the 1998 Declaration) — the ratification list and the obligation list are different questions; (ii) The ILO is the ONLY tripartite UN body — the employers' and workers' seats beside the governments'; (iii) The pro-worker canon operates on AMBIGUITY — it is not a licence to rewrite clear provisions; (iv) Nepal's labour statute line is 2048 → 2074 — citing the 2048 Act as the living law (post-2074) is the standard error.