2.2 Sovereignty over Air Space

The foundational rule — the Chicago Convention 1944, Article 1: every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its territory — the codification of the Paris Convention 1919's rule (the post-WWI settlement: the sky closed, not free — the aviation's opposite of the sea's freedom). The sovereignty's content: the completeness (the legislative-and-enforcement jurisdiction: the entry's control, the routing, the overflight's permission); the exclusiveness (no other state's authority in the column); the non-scheduled flight's exception (the Chicago Article 5: the innocent passage-type allowance for the non- scheduled flights — with the landing-and-continuation rights, subject to the state's conditions); the scheduled flights' consent rule (Article 6 — no scheduled international service without the state's permission: the ASAs' world of Unit 1.5). The sovereignty's historical arc: the pre-1914 freedom debates (the balloon-era's theories) → the WWI's demonstration (the sky's military value) → the 1919 Paris rule (usque ad coelum's air version) → the 1944 re-affirmation (the Chicago's Article 1) — the sovereignty's permanence and the access's negotiation. The modern limits-and- pressures: the liberalisation's treaties (the open-skies' exchanges — the sovereignty exercised through waiver); the satellites' overflight (the space objects' free passage above the column — the delimitation's stakes); the drones' low-altitude faces; the innocent-passage debates (no general innocent passage for aircraft — the sea's contrast the exam loves).