7.3 Doctrine of Sovereignty (in Outer Space)

The anti-sovereignty doctrine — the OST 1967's constitutional rules: The freedom of exploration-and-use (Article I): the outer space's free use by all states on the basis of equality — the province-of-all-mankind principle (the benefits' common interest); The non-appropriation (Article II): no national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, use, occupation, or any other means — the colony-prevention's rule (the celestial bodies' non- ownership: the Moon's "global commons" status); The peaceful-purposes-and-the WMD ban (Articles III-IV): the international law's application; the nuclear-and-WMD's exclusion from the orbit-and-celestial bodies; the Moon- and-bodies' exclusive peaceful use (the demilitarisation's partial regime — the conventional weapons' ambiguity: the counterspace era's stress); The state's responsibility for national activities (Article VI): the governmental-and-non- governmental activities' state-answerability — the private acts' authorisation-and- continuing-supervision duty (the commercial era's central tension); The non-territorial jurisdiction's substitute (Article VIII): the state of registry's jurisdiction over the space object-and-persons aboard (the quasi-flag's rule: the ownership- and-jurisdiction without the sovereignty); The cooperation-and-due-regard faces (the harmful-contamination's avoidance — Article IX; the astronauts's-aid duty — 7.5).