Discuss (b) Lake Lanoux

The environment = the surroundings: the natural (the air, water, land, flora, fauna) and the human-made (the buildings, the cultural heritage) — and their interactions. The problems' catalogue (the exam's list): the pollution's family (the air — the vehicles, the brick kilns, the industry; the indoor firewood's toll; the Kathmandu valley's winter inversion; the water — the sewage, the effluents, the agricultural runoff, the Bagmati's story; the soil — the chemicals, the solid waste, the e-waste; the noise, the thermal-and-light); the resources' degradation (the deforestation, the soil erosion, the watershed's decline, the biodiversity's loss); the climate change (the global commons' problem — the glaciers' retreat in Nepal's own Himalaya); and the population-and-consumption pressures (the urbanisation, the waste's growth). Nepal's specific vulnerabilities: the mountain fragility, the Chure degradation, the disaster-climate nexus.