Discuss (a) 1951 Convention and 1967 Protocol

The concept: the refugee's international protection — the person outside the country of origin fearing persecution: the substitute protection when the national protection fails (the origin- state's breakdown — the international community's step-in). The refugee definition's core (Unit 2's full story): the well-founded fear, the persecution, the five grounds, the inability-to-return. The nature: a special regime (the refugee-specific rules) built on the human-rights foundation (the general floor) with the humanitarian-law interface (the conflict displacement); the surrogate-protection theory (the protection's substitution — the regime's jurisprudential base); the non-political-and-humanitarian character (the regime's operational discipline). The scope: the refugee definition-and-status (Unit 2); the asylum-and-non-refoulement (Unit 3); the status determination (Unit 4); the protection mechanisms (Units 5-6); the complementary protections (Unit 7); the domestic regimes (Unit 8's Nepal) — and the boundary faces (the IDPs, the stateless, the migrants — the displaced-but-excluded of Unit 2.2). The sources (the exam's list): The treaty core — the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees + the 1967 Protocol (the regime's constitution); The regional instruments — the OAU Convention 1969, the Cartagena Declaration 1984, the ECHR's complementary protection, the Bangkok Principles (Unit 5.4's menu); The human-rights treaties — the CAT's and ICCPR's non-refoulement faces (the complementary application); The soft law — the UNHCR Handbook, the EXCOM conclusions, the guidelines (the interpretation's authority); The customary core — the non-refoulement's claimed customarity (the exam's great debate — Unit 3.4); The domestic laws — the states' implementation statutes (Nepal's absent face — Unit 8).