Discuss (b) gender-based persecution

The definition's evolution (the exam's ladder): The group-based beginnings (1920s-40s, the League era): the post-WWI displacement — the named-category definitions (the Russian refugees, the Armenians, the later Spanish-and- German faces); the refugee defined by the group (the identity's list), not the individual fear; the machinery: the Nansen passport (the first international identity document), the League's High Commissioner (1921); The 1951 Convention's individualised definition (Article 1A(2)) — the modern core: the well-founded fear of persecution + the five grounds (race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, political opinion) + the outside the country of nationality + the unable-or-unwilling to avail the protection — the fear-based, individualised definition; the limitations: the temporal (the pre-1951 events) and the geographical (the European faces) clauses — the Eurocentric birth; The 1967 Protocol — the universalisation: the limitations removed (the world's refugee definition); The regional expansions: - The OAU Convention 1969 (Africa): the fear-definition PLUS the objective circumstances — the external aggression, occupation, foreign domination, events seriously disturbing public order — the broader African face (the mass-flight reality's answer); - The Cartagena Declaration 1984 (Latin America): the OAU-type faces + the massive violation of human rights + the generalised violence — the non-binding-but- influential soft law (the domestic laws' adoption); The present's contested edges: the gender-based persecution (the social-group interpretation's journey — the UNHCR's…