Discuss (a) CAT Article 3

The regime's own machinery (Unit 1's sources operationalised): the 1951 Convention + 1967 Protocol — the definition, the rights' ladder, the non-refoulement (Art 33), the non-penalisation (Art 31), the states' reporting-to-UNHCR duty (Art 35 — the supervision's treaty base); the UNHCR's protection function (the Statute's mandate + the Conventions' supervision — Unit 6's full story); the soft-law mechanism — the EXCOM's conclusions (the executive committee's annual guidance), the UNHCR Handbook (the determination's interpretation), the guidelines (the gender-and-age faces); the compact era — the New York Declaration 2016 (the CRRF's annex — the comprehensive-response framework) and the Global Compact on Refugees 2018 (the four objectives: the reception-conditions, the self-reliance, the expanded-pathways, the return- conditions; the Global Refugee Forums' pledge machinery; the non-binding character's honest debate). The mechanism's character: the treaty core + the institutional supervision + the soft law's flexibility.