Discuss (c) community service under the 2074 Act

The prison defined: the state's institution for the lawful custody of the accused (the remand) and the convicted (the punishment) — the modern penality's central (and most criticised) institution. The purposes' mixture: the punishment (the deprivation-as-desert); the incapacitation (the dangerous's containment); the reform (the correctional programmes); the reintegration's preparation. The development's ladder (the exam's history): The pre-modern era: the punishment-as-spectacle (the scaffold, the corporal punishments — the body's penality); the custodial places as the holding (the gaols: the debtors'-and-awaiting- trial — the punishment's NOT-yet); the workhouse-and-bridewell's 16th-century faces (the vagrancy's confinement — the prison's prehistory); The birth of the modern prison (the 18th-19th centuries): the penitentiary's idea (the Pennsylvania-and-Auburn systems: the solitary reflection vs the silent-congregate labour — the two American models); the transportation's end-and-the-imprisonment's rise (the punishment's substitution); the reformers' line (Howard's prisons-and-lazarettos tours — The State of the Prisons (1777): the hygiene-and-humanity's campaign; Fry's women-prisoners' reforms); The positivist-and-reformatory era (the late 19th-early 20th): the reformatory movement (the indeterminate sentence, the treatment); the borstal-and-juvenile systems (the children's separation — the Children's Act's philosophy); the Irish-and-progressive systems (the marks-and-earned-release: the parole's birth); The standard-setting era (the 20th century): the Standard Minimum Rules (the 1955 → the Mandela Rules' 2015 modernisation: the treatment's floor — the accommodation, the healthcare, the discipline's limits, the no-torture bar); the ICCPR's-and-CAT's layers (the prisoners' rights'…