Discuss (b) aggravating-and-mitigating circumstances

Sentencing = the court's determination of the legal consequence of conviction — the punishment's type-and-quantum and the execution's conditions. The criminal adjudication's SECOND judgment: the first (the conviction) answers did the accused do it?; the second answers what shall be done with the convicted? — the two-stage craft. The sentencing's principles (the exam's list): (i) legality (the sentence within the offence's prescribed range — the nullum- poena's sentencing face); (ii) proportionality (to the gravity-and-culpability — the desert's anchor); (iii) individualisation (to the offender's circumstances — the personal factors' entry, Unit 3.1); (iv) consistency (the like cases alike — the disparity's control); (v) the purposes' balance (the retribution-deterrence-incapacitation-reform-reparation mix — Unit 4.4's theories in the judicial craft). The procedural craft: the separate sentencing hearing (the evidence's second round: the aggravating-and-mitigating circumstances); the pre-sentence report (the probation officer's-and-social-worker's account: the offender's history-circumstances-prospects — the individualisation's information); the victim's voice (the impact statement's modern face); the reasoned sentence (the appeal's discipline).