Discuss (c) ouster clause

The presumption: the legislature not presumed to alter the established law (the common law- and-the-existing-statute's continuity) WITHOUT clear words — the general words do not change the settled law; the craft: the ambiguous statute read as the law's CONTINUATION (the innovation's clear-statement requirement); the rationale: the legal continuity's stability (the interstitial legislation's presumption — the ordinary Act adjusts, not overthrows); the modern face: the codification-era questions (the code's-and-the-common-law's relation — the 2074 codes' craft: the codes as the consolidation (the existing law preserved unless changed)). The Nepal application: the Ain's continuity presumptions (the customary-and-hindu substrate's survival — the reformed provisions' careful reading); the 2074 transition (the old Muluki Ain's case-law's-and- institutions' continuity — the presumption's work).