4.2 Originality and Plagiarism (the Researcher's Integrity)

The originality standard: the external evaluation's OWN criterion — the report judged "based on level of creativity and originality" (Unit 1.3): the originality as the paper's marking-centre (the 35 marks' core). Originality's faces: the original QUESTION (the gap found); the original ANALYSIS (the sources combined afresh — the student's own argument, not the paraphrased textbook); the original Nepali MATERIAL ( the unexplored cases, the recent amendments — the primary sources first-hand). Plagiarism (the integrity's enemy): the others' words-or-ideas presented as one's own — the forms: the verbatim copying (without quotes); the close paraphrase (the cosmetic change); the patchwork (the many sources stitched without synthesis); the unattributed ideas (the source's argument stolen); the self-plagiarism faces (the same work re-submitted). The antidotes: the quotation marks-and-footnote for the words; the citation for the ideas (even when rephrased); the synthesis-and-critique for the argument (the sources used to build YOUR answer); the declaration signed with a clean conscience; the similarity-check discipline (the originality's self- audit before submission). The ethics' frame: the research integrity as the legal profession's apprenticeship (the future lawyer's honesty practised in the seminar room — the citation discipline as the court-paper discipline's nursery).