Discuss (c) Seabed Disputes Chamber

The doctrine: the common heritage of mankind — the Area (the deep seabed beyond the national jurisdictions) and its resources declared the common heritage (the UNCLOS's revolutionary principle: no state's appropriation; the benefits' equitable sharing; the peaceful use; the heritage held in trust for the mankind — Arvid Pardo's vision and the developing states' negotiation victory). The "decline" (the syllabus's critical head — the doctrine's troubled story): (1) the Part XI crisis — the UNCLOS's seabed regime (the Authority's monopoly, the mandatory technology transfer, the production limits) rejected by the developed states (the US- and-others' refusal); the seabed-mining legislation's unilateral era (the national licensing laws); (2) the 1994 Agreement's restructuring — the regime's market-friendly rewrite (the "decline" the syllabus's phrase: the heritage's socialist architecture replaced — the market's access, the grandfathered-licences' recognition, the Enterprise's shelving); the doctrine's survival in the principle (the benefits' sharing, the humanity's interest) alongside the practice's dilution; (3) the modern faces — the seabed mining's slow arrival (the exploration licences' era; the exploitation rules' unfinished negotiations), the common-heritage's cousin in the biodiversity negotiations (the BBNJ treaty's marine-genetic-resources' sharing — the doctrine's second life).