8.4 Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment

The UNCLOS's Part XII (the general regime): the states' OBLIGATION to protect and preserve the marine environment (the duty's generality — all sources: the land-based, the ships', the dumping, the seabed activities, the atmosphere's interface); the pollution's prevention-reduction- control duty (the "all measures necessary" standard); the cooperation's duty (the regional-and- global; the notification of imminent damage); the monitoring-and-assessment; the laws' adoption per the accepted standards (the IMO's conventions' incorporation — the MARPOL; the London Dumping Convention); the enforcement's allocation (the flag state, the port state, the coastal state — the port-state control's modern rise); the special-area-and-vulnerable-zones' craft (the particularly-sensitive sea areas); the liability's regime (the pollution's responsibility — the international liability for the seabed activities). The specific regimes: the fisheries' conservation (the stocks' duties — Unit 5.3); the Antarctic-and-regional seas' regimes (the Helsinki-and- Barcelona-type conventions' family — the regional seas' craft); the climate's interface (the ocean's acidification, the warming — the newest layer).