8.2 Jurisdiction in Matters of Parental Responsibility

The parental-responsibility jurisdiction: the child's HABITUAL RESIDENCE the modern base (the Hague instruments' craft (the jurisdiction concentrated where the child lives)); the nationality-and- presence faces; the cross-border child abduction's machinery (the Hague Abduction Convention 1980 — the wrongfully-removed child's return (the summary procedure; the best-interests' exception (the grave-risk face)); the Nepal face (the non-party status + the courts' craft (the custody disputes' cross-border cases — the best-interests' application)).